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Human plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) represents the integrated cumulative ability of circulating enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants to neutralize reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thereby reflecting the overall human plasma total antioxidant capacity of extracellular redox defense rather than the concentration of individual antioxidants alone. As a comprehensive oxidative stress biomarker, TAC incorporates the collective […]

Lipid peroxidation represents a central biochemical mechanism underlying oxidative stress, characterized by the free radical-mediated oxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids within biological membranes, ultimately compromising membrane architecture, cellular homeostasis, and tissue function. The process is initiated when excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly the hydroxyl radical, abstract hydrogen atoms from membrane phospholipids to generate lipid […]

In diabetes mellitus, chronic hyperglycemia drives excessive formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), establishing a sustained state of oxidative stress biomarker imbalance that contributes to erythrocyte dysfunction and progressive anemia. In advanced renal disease, the hemodialysis environment introduces additional biochemical stressors, amplifying systemic redox disruption and accelerating molecular injury within circulating blood components. Within this […]

Rahmani S, Ansarihadipour H, Bayatiani MR, Khosrowbeygi A, Babaei S, Rasmi Y. Exposure to Electromagnetic fields (EMF) has been increasingly associated with cellular redox perturbations through the generation of reactive oxygen species, particularly under conditions of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF), where biological systems exhibit altered susceptibility to oxidative stress. In this investigation, we evaluated […]

Hadi Ansarihadipour, Fatemeh Seif, Mohamad Reza Bayatiani Exposure to ionizing radiation remains a critical biomedical concern due to its capacity to induce systemic oxidative imbalance by generating excessive reactive oxygen species, thereby disrupting redox homeostasis and impairing macromolecular integrity in circulating blood components. Within this conceptual framework, radiation-induced hemotoxicity is increasingly recognized as a multi-layered […]

Abstract Oxidative stress represents a fundamental pathological mechanism connecting metabolic dysfunction, chronic inflammation, and progressive cellular injury. Emerging evidence indicates that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor signaling extends beyond its classical incretin function in glucose regulation and acts as a critical molecular interface between metabolic control, redox homeostasis, and cellular protection [1–3]. Activation of GLP-1 pathways […]

1. Overview of Enzymatic ROS/RNS/RSS Generation Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (ROS, RNS, RSS) emerge from a highly integrated enzymatic network distributed across multiple subcellular compartments. Rather than representing stochastic byproducts of metabolism and oxidative stress, these species are generated through specialized redox circuits that function as signaling modules within cellular physiology. Each enzymatic […]

1. Overview Oxidative stress is a central concept in modern molecular and cellular biology, describing a disruption in redox homeostasis caused by an imbalance between the generation of reactive species and the capacity of antioxidant systems. Contemporary definitions extend beyond the classical “oxidative damage” model and recognize reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), […]